Tibetan New Year

Name : Tibetan New Year
Date : the first day of the Tibetan calendar
Most Tibetans live in the Tibet Autonomous Region. There are also Tibetan communities in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. The Tibetans originated from an agricultural tribe settling along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet. At the 7th century, King Songzan Gambo began to rule the whole of Tibet and made "Losha" (today's Lhasa) the capital of his slavery kingdom, which was called "Tubo" in Chinese historical documents dated in Tang and Song dynasties.
The Yuan Dynasty founded by the Mongols in the 13th century officially brought Tibet under the unified rule of the central government by instituting the administrative system, deploying armies, appointing civil and military officials, and fully exerting sovereign power there. This marked the beginning of the Chinese central authorities' overall control of Tibet.
The Tibetans, with a population of 5. 146 million according to the fifth national census in 2000, have their own spoken and written language, which belongs to the Tibetan branch of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Tibetan language has three major local dialects according to geographical divisions. The Tibetan script, an alphabetic system of writing, was created in the early 7th century and is used in all areas inhabited by Tibetans to this day. The Tibetans believe in Lamaism, which belongs to the Mahayana School of Buddhism but assimilates some of the beliefs and rites of the local religion called "Bon." Lamaseries are all over Tibet and many Tibetan festivals bear a strong mark of religion. The Tibetans' social life and customs and habits bore obvious marks of their historical traditions and distinctive culture up to date.
The Tibetans have their own calendar, which was systematized in 1027. Written records show that the Tibetans invented their own calendar before 100 BC, which is called Bon Calendar. As the cultural exchanges between the Tibetans and the Han people increase, the Tibetan calendar finally becomes quite similar to the lunar calendar followed in areas home to members of the Han nationality. Under the rule of the Sagya Monastery, the Tibetan calendar was fixed as well as the ceremonies to celebrate the Tibetan New Year. It has remained unchanged since then.
The Tibetan calendar designates the years by uses of the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth) and the 12 animals, which represent the 12 Earthly Branches. A year is thus divided into four seasons and 12 months, which have 29 or 30 days. For example, the year 2009 is called the Year of Earth Ox and the year 2010 called the Year of Iron Tiger according to the Tibetan calendar. Based on the Gregorian calendar, Tibetan New Year is close to the Spring Festival of the Han ethnic group. In 2009, the Tibetan New Year is 10 days behind the Spring Festival.
The Tibetan New Year is the most important festival in Tibet. Tibetans begin preparing for New Year's Day early in the twelfth month according to the Tibetan calendar. Besides food preparation, each household has to get ready a Five-Cereal Container which is a rich-carved colorful wooden box with fried highland barley mixed with butter inside and flowers made of butter and green shoots of highland barley above. This is done to pray for a bumper harvest and better life in the coming year.
Moreover, in preparation, Tibetans put highland barley seeds in a bowl of fresh water so that they can grow into one-or-two-inch-long green shoots when the New Year arrives. They also make fried wheat dough mixed with butter in various shapes as religious offerings and also for visiting guests. On the eve of the Tibetan New Year, Tibetans clean up their houses, change door and window curtains, set up brand-new prayer flags on the roof and paint patterns symbolizing eternity and good luck on the gates with lime. In the evening, all family members reunite together and an "auspicious dinner" is offered. This dinner's main meal is dough drops known as Gutu in Tibetan, which include stone, wool, hot pepper, charcoal or coins inside. These items are said to be able to foretell the nature of and future fortunes of the person who eats them. For example, stone implies a cruel heart, wool stands for a soft heart, charcoal for a black heart, hot pepper for tough talking and coins for good fortune...
Tibetan old women with prayer mills. The Tibetan people usually don't go out or visit each other on the first day of the Tibetan New Year. From the second day, they will dress in their holiday best and extend greeting with the auspicious words "tashi delek," and present Hada to each other. Mass singing and dancing, as well as traditional Tibetan operas, are performed in towns and villages across Tibet during the period. On the 15th day, religious activities are held in thelarge part of Tibetan areas.
(Adapted from Chinese Festivals by Wei Liming)